Calculations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Calculations - Assignment Example 352,000 Purchases ?150,000 Opening Inventory ?65,000 Cost of Goods Available for Sale ?215, 000 Less Closing inventory ?70, 000 Cost of Goods Sold ?145, 000 Gross Profit ?207, 000 Property depreciation (5% using straight line method) ?5100 Plant and equipment depreciation (20% ) ?19500 Distribution cost ?58,000 Dividends paid ?12, 000 Administrative expenses outstanding ?4,500 Less distribution costs prepaid ?10, 000 Total Expenses ?77100 Net Profit before Tax ?129900 Corporation tax (22%) ?17500 Net Income ?112,400 c) Statement of financial position Julyfest Limited Balance Sheet for the year ended 31st May 2012 ASSETS Current Assets Inventory 70,000 Cash and cash equivalents 63,500 Account Receivables 87,000 Prepaid distribution cost 10,000 Total Current Assets 230,500 Fixed Assets Property 102,000 Cost of plant and equipment 98,000 Less Accumulated Depreciation 30,000 Total Fixed Assets 170,000 TOTAL ASSETS 400,500 LIABILITIES Current Liabilities Trade payables 37,000 Interest Unp aid Bond 6,500 Taxes 17,500 Purchases 150,000 SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Equity shares 100,000 Retained Profits 59,500 Share premium 30,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 400,500 Task Two Statement of cash flows provides important information to those using it as it provides information about the out flows and inflows that have taken place in a certain financial year or within a specific period of time (Baker 2005). The main importances of statement of cash flow are as discussed below. First statement of cash flows enables users to identify as well as understand the sources from which the funds used in the business during a specific period as the uses into which these funds were used (Philips 2008). Other financial statements such as balance sheet and trial balances are not able show sources of funds as well uses into which these finances were put into use (Baker 2005). Statement of cash flow also plays an important role in enhancing management of businesses as w ell as management of business resources (Baker 2005). It also enhances planning of business funds as well as ensuring that business cash flows (outflows and inflows) conform to each other (Tailor 2003). This is as opposed to other financial statements such as balance sheet which only shows assets and liabilities of business. Balance sheet cannot account for both cash outflows and cash inflows. Another importance of statement of cash flow is that it shows how efficient an organization is able to generate income (cash inflows) from its operation (Baker 2005). Other financial statements such as balance sheet which only shows assets and liabilities of business but cannot show shows how efficient an organization is able to generate income (cash inflows) from its operation (Philips 2008). Another importance of cash to those whose use it is that it is a report of funds that have been used during a specific period of time for various business activities (both short term and long term) such organization’s long term investment (Baker 2005). This information can also be shown by balance sheet. Another importance of cash to those whose use it is that it is a report of funds that have been received by the business during a specific period of time from various business activities such as debentures, share issue and loans among others (Baker

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Recommendations Essay With the expansion of Clapton Commercial Construction on the horizon, Atwood and Allen Consulting have created these recommendations for recruitment and selection. Clapton Commercial Construction will be expanding by twenty percent into Arizona, which is a new market for them. In this proposal we will discuss the need to recruit/select for the expansion project, the importance of diversity, how Clapton Commercial Construction can brand their organization, and how to legally recruit and select candidates. Once all these concepts are in place for Clapton Commercial Construction the company will be ready for the Arizona market. Diverse workforce In order for Clapton Commercial Construction to succeed in a new market and meet the demands of their future clients, they will need to recruit. An increase of workforce by twenty percent will require an understanding of the employment need. To successfully meet your expansion need for the next five years, the company needs to understand the U.S. market. Your market is tight which means construction workers are in high demand. This will lead to a high talent pool with diverse ethnicity. â€Å"The United States workforce is diverse and becoming more so every year† (Casico, 2012). Your organization is part of the service economy. Clapton will employee a workforce that resembles their clients, this help with communication when language barriers exist and assist in providing a new set of talent not yet available to your organization. Clapton’s company brand should be seen as an organization that is concerned with reaching and enhancing your clients experiences by showing them how Clapton is culturally in tuned. Over the next five years the company will go through an annual twenty percent employment increases and turnover of twenty percent. With this in mind Clapton has to provide an incentive package that is competitive in the Arizona market that decreases turnover rates. The business strategy of the organization will be based on teamwork. Diversity will be a big component of this concept. Teamwork is  only successful when all working parts are functioning as one. Diversity awareness course should be given to all employees, and conflicts will need to be resolved as soon as managers are aware. Recruitment concepts Recruitment is vital to the success of your organization. This process will determine your workforce. As mentioned in our prior recommendation it is important to hire employees that share the organizations goal of successfully expanding into a new market, while continuing to provide our clients with superior service. The human capital theory suggests that education or training raises the productivity of workers by imparting useful knowledge and skills, hence raising workers future income by increasing their lifetime earnings (Becker, 1964). Before Clapton can post the vacancy for open position, you must determine the type of candidate you are searching for. Ensure that the description for the open position is descriptive of the job role; the knowledge, skill and ability needed. The post should also reflect the expectations of the candidate and a clear outline of the Clapton’s organizational goal. Recruitment will be handled by your HR department specialist; they should be family with the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. â€Å"According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), an employer may not fire, demote, harass, or otherwise â€Å"retaliate† against an individual for filing a charge of discrimination, participating in a discrimination proceeding, or otherwise opposing discrimination. The same laws that prohibit discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, and disability, as well as wage differences between men and women performing substantially equal work, also prohibit retaliation against individuals who oppose unlawful discrimination or participate in an employment discrimination proceeding† (Cascio, 2012).† Arizona is considered a work at will state. This means simply that the employment is not based on a formal contract and can be severed by the employee or employer with or without a cause. Even though Arizona is a work at will state, discrimination is still prohibited. Arizona does not require an employer to provide breaks or lunches but as an employer who prides themselves on providing exceptional employee benefits Clapton should still provide employees two paid breaks and an unpaid lunch break  during an eight hour shift (Nolo.com). Conclusion Atwood and Allen Consulting have created a recruitment and selection Strategies plan that will help Clapton Commercial Construction facility in Arizona move along. If Clapton Commercial Construction follows this recruitment planning the company will be successful within the next five years. Employment will have expanded and the facility will be well known in Arizona. With the help of the HR Department Clapton has to provide an incentive package that is competitive in the Arizona market that decreases turnover rates. References Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press Nolo.com. Retrieved on May 3, 2014 from: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/arizona-law-meal-rest-breaks.html

Five Basic Corporate Finance Functions

Five Basic Corporate Finance Functions Introduction UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, having its main headquarters at Basel and Zurich, Switzerland. In June 1998, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) completed the merger announced six months previously. Just two years later, UBS acquired the US brokerage firm Paine Webber, greatly increasing the size and scope of its business. Then the new firm set the seal on these achievements by proclaiming a single brand. In this light, UBS is both a new institution and new brand. In the picturesque Swiss region of Valposchiavo, for example, one UBS branch traces its origins as far back as 1747. The core components of todays UBS date back to the second half of the nineteenth century. At the same time, its history extends many generations into the past, particularly in Switzerland, the US and the UK. UBS is ranked second worlds largest asset manager of private wealth, and is the second-largest bank in Europe, in both market capitalisation and profitability. With its major presence in United States UBS has its headquarters located in New York City; Weehawken, Private Wealth Management in New Jersey; and Stamford, Connecticut for Capital markets, UBSs has its retail offices throughout the U.S., and has its presence in more than 50 countries (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). UBS was force to turn to the Government of Singapore for fresh funding after incurring a huge loss in 2007. After funding, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation became the largest shareholder of UBS in 2007. UBS managers pledged to return bonuses after a dramatic loss in November 2008. New financial aid was expected from Swiss government after the UBS shareholders voted to restore the shaken trust in UBS (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). Credit Suisse found a new cross-town rival in the form of UBS which has evolved on a similar path. Both of them originated from Switzerland indulging in commercial and retail banking who purchased major investment banks in United States and both are being investigated by U.S. authorities currently for helping 17,000 American citizens to avoid taxes. Based on the order by the Swiss Financial Markets Supervisory Authority (FINMA), UBS on 18th February 2009, immediately has agreed to provide the identities of and account information of about 250 American clients to United States and also agreed to pay US$ 780 million in the form of compensation and fines (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). Corporate Finance Modern companies need to raise finance from the capital market in order to invest in the real and intangible assets they need to earn profits. Their first priority is to ensure that they can source finance for both their short run and their long run needs in the most economical way possible. Corporate investment is by its nature risky and often capital intensive (Ryan, 2007). In order to justify the use of other peoples money a firm needs to ensure that the investment decisions it makes, taking into account its cost of capital, lead to an overall increase in the value of the firm and hence its investors wealth. Alongside the problem of sourcing finance at the cheapest cost, the firm has to make sure that all the investment decisions it undertakes are value adding. If they are not the firm will not be able to justify its existence for very long and will find itself out of business (Ryan, 2007). The ability to trade the financial claims of business ventures has been known about and practised for centuries. In the modern era the standardization of financial claims into homogenous trading units has transformed the way markets operate. Until the 1930s companies, for example, borrowed money from banks but following the Wall Street Crash in the United States there was a sudden loss of confidence in the banking sector. As a result, companies started to practise what governments had been doing for some time and sidestepped the banks going directly to lenders and offering them securitized debt in the form of bonds (Ryan, 2007). Although modern financial intermediaries are marvel of efficiency, the role of traditional intermediaries such as banks as providers of debt capital to corporations has declined for decades. Instead, nonfinancial corporations have increasingly turned to capital markets for external financing, principally because the rapidly declining cost of information processing makes it much easier for large number of investors to obtain and evaluate financial data for thousands of potential corporate borrowers and issuers of common and preferred stock equity (Megginson and Smart, 2006). The Five Basic Corporate Finance functions: Although corporate finance is defined generally as the activities involved in managing cash flows (money) in a business environment, a more complete definition would emphasize that the practice of corporate finance involves five basic functions: Raising capital to support companies operations and investment programs (the external financing function); Selecting the best projects in which to invest firms resources, based on each projects perceived risk and expected return (the capital budgeting function); Managing firms internal cash flows, its working capital, and its mix of debt and equity financing, both to maximize the value of firms debt and equity claims and to ensure that companies can pay off its obligations when due (the financial management function); Developing company-wide ownership and corporate governance structures that force managers to behave ethically and make decisions that benefit shareholders (the corporate governance function); and Managing firms exposures to all types of risk, both insurable and uninsurable, to maintain and optimal risk-return trade-off and therefore maximize shareholder value (the risk-management function). (Source: Megginson and Smart, 2006) External financing When corporations are young and small, they usually must raise equity capital privately, either from friends and family, or from professional investors such as venture capitalists. These professionals specialize in making high-risk/high-return investments in rapidly growing entrepreneurial businesses. Once firms reach a certain size, they may decide to go public by conducting an initial public offering (IPO) of stock-selling shares to outside investors and listing the shares for trading on a stock exchange. After IPOs, companies have the option of raising cash by selling additional stock in the future (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Capital Budgeting The capital budgeting function represents firms financial managers single most important activity, for two reasons. First, managers evaluate very large investments in the capital budgeting process. Second, companies can prosper in a competitive economy only be seeking out the most promising new products, processes, and services to deliver to customers. Companies such as Intel, General Electric, Shell, Samsung, and Toyota regularly make huge capital outlays. The capital budgeting process breaks down into three steps: Identifying potential investments; Analysing the set of investment opportunities and identifying those that create shareholder value; and Implementing and monitoring the investments (Source: Megginson and Smart, 2006) Risk Management Historically, risk management has identified the unpredictable act of nature risks (fire, flood, collision, and other property damage) to which firms was exposed and has used insurance products or self-insurance to manage those exposures. Todays risk-management function identifies, measures, and manages many more types of risk exposures, including predictable business risks. These exposures include losses that could result from adverse interest rate movements, commodity price changes, and currency value fluctuations. The techniques for managing such risks are among the most sophisticated of all corporate finance practices. The risk-management task attempts to quantify the sources and magnitudes of firms risk exposure and to decide whether to simply accept these risks or to manage them (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Corporate Governance Recent corporate scandals-such as financial collapses at Enron, Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, and Parmalat-clearly show that establishing good corporate governance systems is paramount. Governance systems determine who benefits most from company activities; then they establish procedures to maximize firm value and to ensure that employees act ethically and responsibly. Good management does not develop in a vacuum. It results from corporate governance systems that hires and promotes qualified, honest people, and that motivate employees to achieve company goals through salary and other incentives (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Developing corporate governance systems present quite a challenge in practice because conflicts inevitably arise among stockholders, managers, and other stakeholders interests. But rarely is it in the interest of any individual stockholder to spend the time and money needed to ensure that managers act appropriately. If individual stockholders conducted this type of oversight, they would personally bear all the costs of monitoring management, but would share the benefits with all other shareholders. This is a classic example of the collective action problem that arises in most relationship between stockholders and managers (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Bankruptcy and Corporate Financing Patterns The more debt a firm uses in its capital structure, the less likely the firm will be able to meet its debt service obligations, and the more likely default will occur (Benning and Sarig, p.347). It is this default likelihood that introduces bankruptcy costs into capital structure. As argued by Van Horne (p.268), the presence of bankruptcy costs is an important source of imperfection in the markets for corporate funds. Under imperfect conditions, there are the administrative costs of bankruptcy, and assets may have to be liquidated at less than their economic values (Bekter, p. 56). It is also this tendency that Myers (p.218) describes as the direct cost of bankruptcy. The implication of the presence of bankruptcy cost in financial leverage is manifested more by the fact that debt-financing generates risks. Not only that, but it has been argued that for instance that every financing decision comes with some risk implications on the value of the firm (Glen and Pinto, 1994). The largest bankruptcy in U.S. history was finally coming to an end. On April 20, 2004, MCI, Inc. Emerged with an announcement that it had begun distributing securities and cash to its creditors according to a court-approved reorganization plan. MCIs chief executive officer, Michael Capellas, heralded a new beginning for his company, which had filed for bankruptcy court protection twenty-one months earlier-when the company was called WorldCom-after disclosing and $11 billion accounting fraud. At the time of its Chapter 11 filing, WorldCom had assets totalling nearly $104 billion and debts of $32 billion (Megginson and Smart, 2006). WorldCom shocked the business world when the company announced in June 2002 that it had fraudulently overstated $3.9 billion of expenses as capital expenditures, which had allowed it to book higher profits during the telecom boom years of 1998-2001. WorldCom chief financial officer Scott Sullivan was fired the day the accounting fraud was disclosed, and his exit followed that of founder and long-time CEO, Bernine Ebbers, who had been forced out in April 2002. Over the next two years, more than $7 billion in additional accounting errors and frauds were uncovered,, bringing the total misstatements to $11 billion, and in a March 2004 restatement of its 2001 and 2002 financial results, the company wrote off over $74 billion in previously booked profits and goodwill (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Corporate Control Transactions Changes in corporate control occur through several mechanisms, most notably via acquisitions. An acquisition is the purchase of additional resources by a business enterprise. These resources may come from the purchase of new assets, the purchase of some of the assets of another company, or the purchase of another whole business entity, which is known as a merger. Merger is itself a general term applied to a transaction in which two or more business organizations combine into a single entity. Oftentimes, however, the term merger s reserved for a transaction in which one corporation takes over another upon the approval of both companies boards of directors and shareholders after a friendly and mutually agreeable set of terms and conditions and a price are negotiated (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Statuary Merger A statutory merger is a form of target integration in which the acquirer can absorb the targets resources directly with no remaining trace of the target as a separate entity. Many intrastate bank mergers are of this form. Subsidiary Merger Conversely, an acquirer may wish to maintain the identity of the target as either a separate subsidiary or division. A subsidiary merger is often the integration vehicle when there is brand value in the name of the target, such as the case of PepsiCos merger with Pizza Hut in 1997. Sometimes, separate tracking or target shares are issued in the subsidiarys name. Sometimes, these shares are issued as new common shares in exchange for the targets common shares, as occurred when General Motors issued new Class E and Class H shares to acquire, respectively, Electronic Data Systems and Hughes Electronics during the 1980s. Alternatively, a new class of preferred stock may be issued by the bidding firm to replace the common shares of the target as well (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Consolidation Consolidation is another integrative form used to effect a merger of two publicly traded companies. Under this form, both the acquirer and target disappear as separate corporations and combine to form an entirely new corporation with new common stock (Megginson and Smart, 2006). Dealing with the Crisis The merger of the Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in June 1998 resulted in UBS evolution. The new company was named originally as Union Bank of Switzerland, but officials chose to call it as UBS as the name was clashing with United Bank Switzerland a subsidiary part of the United Bank Limited, Switzerland. United Bank of Switzerland is no longer known for its name as it made its brand name UBS like 3M. The carried over logo from SBC, which stands for confidence, security and discretion has remained with UBS. With its acquisitions of Dillon Read in New York and S. G. Warburg in London, SBC had investment banking business all over the world before the merger. Due to the Long-Term Capital Management crisis, in October 1998, the first chairman of the merged bank resigned which affected the Union Bank of Switzerland. After the acquisition of Paine Webber Group Inc. by UBS in 2000, it became the largest private clients wealth management company in the world. A CHF 3.265 trillion assets was invested in wealth management businesses, including the U.S. As the company began to operate as one large firm, all the business group of UBS were rebranded under the UNBS name on the 9th June 2003. All major companies bought by Union Bank of Switzerland like UBS Paine Webber, UBS Warburg, UBS Asset Management and others were just called UBS. With the retirement of the Paine Webber brand UBS took a US$1 billion write-down for the loss of good will associated with as a result of the rebranding (www.ubs.com/1/ e/about/history.html). In a report released on 01st April 2008, 15 billion Swiss francs (US$15.1 billion) in a new capital was seeked by Swiss bank UBS AG as it expected to post net losses of 12 billion Swiss francs (US$12.1 billion) for the first quarter of 2008. Approximately US$19 billion on U.S. real estate and related credit positions were expected to write-down as UBS was hit by U.S. Subprime mortgage crisis and losses. Fitch Ratings and Standard Poors, and Moody are cut down the long term credit rating of UBS in April 2008 to AA and Aa1 respectively. A new capital of CHF 6 billion through mandatory convertible notes was announced by UBS which they had on the 16th October 2008, and was place with Swiss Confederation. Transfer agreement of approximately USD 60 billion currently illiquid securities and various assets from UBS to a separate fund entity were made between the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and UBS (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). The third quarter Group net profit was announced by UBS on 4th November which was in line with their 16th October pre announcement, CHF 296 million standing with net profit attributable to UBS shareholders. A further CHF 4.8 billion of write-downs and losses on risk positions affected that quarter in gain on tax credit of over CHF 900 million and own credit of CHF 2.2 million. In an announcement made on the 12th November 2008, UBS said that from 2009 there will be no more than one-third of any cash bonus paid out in year it is earned with the rest held in reserve. Top executives will have to hold 75% of any vested shares; incentives would also vest after three years on shares with share bonus accounts subject to malus charges. US$6 billion of equity was put into the new bad bank entity by UBS in November 2008; a benefit option was kept only if the value of its assets were to recover. UBS structure guaranteed clarity for UBS investors by making an outright sale, which was indicated as a neat package by the New York Times (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). The head of the Swiss National Bank (SNB) and Chairman Jean-Pierre Roth on Friday the 30th January 2009 was quoted on Reuters as saying that the two best capitalised banks in the world are UBS and Credit Suisse. In an announcement made on the 09th February 2009 by UBS, said that it lost nearly 20 billion Swiss francs (US$17.2 billion) in 2008, which is the single-year biggest loss in the history of Switzerland. The commitment to each of the UBS business divisions and strategy were confirmed by UBS Board of Directors and the Group Executive Board on the 10th February 2009. Investigations relating to UBS U.S. cross-border business are getting resolved by entering into a deferred prosecution agreement with the US Department of Justice and a Consent Order with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. US$380 million represents disgorgement of profits from its cross-border business out of US$780 million which UBS agreed to pay. And the remaining represents the tax amount of United States which UBS failed to withhold to the accounts. The interest, penalties and restitution for unpaid taxes are included in the figures. UBS also entered into an agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of the deal in which it agreed to the charges of having acted as an unregistered broker-dealer and investment adviser for Americans (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). Initiative taken CHF 20.9 billion (US$ 18 billion) loss was posted by UBS AG on the 11th march 2009 which was stated in their revised FY 2008 report. It was said that UBS was extremely cautious about the outlook of 2009. UBS announced in its Annual General Meeting held on 15th April 2009, it has plans of cutting 8,700 jobs in its return to profitability. UBS had to make about US$50 billion in write-downs and announce of 11,000 job cuts since 2007 due to the global financial crisis. UBS agreed to sell its Brazilian financial service business, UBS Pactual, to BTG Investments for approximately USD 2.5 billion in a statement made on the April 21st 2009. UBS was aiming to reduce its risk profile and to become more profitable by the sale of the Brazilian business. U.S. federal grand jury charges were made on private banker Raoul Weil for which UBS formally cut all its ties on the 1st May 2009. Raoul had been suspended in November 2008 after he was indicated in correlation to the tax evasion affair. A first quarter net loss of two billion Swiss francs (USD1.75 billion) was confirmed by UBS on May 20th 2009 which was less than initially expected. UBS restated its 2008 annual report on the May 20th 2009. A further reduction in the net profit was announced by the bank of CHF 450 million, and CHF 269 million in reduction of equity and equity attributable to UBS shareholders (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). UBS strengthened its capital base by placing 293.3 million shares from existing authorized capital by taking the advantage of current market conditions. A small number of large institutional investors were placed with the shares. In the view of the regulators it was consistent that this capital raising aims at strengthening confidence in UBS and the Swiss financial centre which is claimed by UBS. The second quarter loss of CHF 1.4 billion (US$1.32 billion) was reported on the 4th August 2009. The Swiss government made a statement of selling its CHF 6 billion stake in UBS on the 20th August 2009, making significant profit; the mandatory convertible notes of 332.2 million which it had purchased in 2008 to help UBS clear its balance sheets of toxic assets (www.ubs.com/1/e/about/history.html). In the Lundquist CSR Online Awards 2009, UBS ranked No.1 in Switzerland and No. 2 globally in November 2009. The award is given for demonstrating best online CSR communications.

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)

Bill to Law at Malaysia

3. Explain the process how a Bill becomes Law. Malaysia was a former British colony and prior to its independence a commission was appointed to draft the Federal Constitution based on the system of parliamentary democracy practiced in the Great Britain. Similar to the Westminster System, Malaysia’s Federal Constitution divides the structure of government into three branches – Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the Legislature is the body which has the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. There are two legislative assemblies under the Westminster system, an upper house (In Malaysia, it is called the Dewan Negara) and a lower house (Dewan Rakyat). Before an Act becomes a law, it is called a Bill. There are two types of Bills, a Public Bill and a Private Bill. Under the Public Bills, there are Government Bills and Private Members Bills, where Government Bill is normally introduced by a Minister and Private Member Bill is initiated by a Member of Parliament. A Private Bill is a proposal for a law that would apply to a particular individual or a group of individuals, or corporate entity. A Bill will have to go through several stages before it becomes a law. When a Bill is introduced to MPs in the parliament, it is called the First Reading. The title of the Bill is read out and copies of it are copied out, no debate takes place, but there will be a vote on whether the House wishes to consider the Bill further. During the Second Reading, the general principles contained in the Bill are debated by the MPs. Frequently, during this stage; public attention will be drawn to the proposal and the debate between the MPs who support and against the bill begins. At the end of the debate a vote is taken – a majority of MPs must be in favor of the Bill in order for it to progress any further. If the Bill passes the Second Reading, it will come to the Committee Stage. At this stage, a detailed examination of each clause of the Bill is undertaken by a committee and the committee will subject the Bill to line-by-line examination and make amendments. The membership of the committee will usually be those MPs with special knowledge, or interest, in the subject of the Bill. Next, the amended Bill goes to the Report Stage – the Bill will be reviewed by the House where it started. The amendments will be debated in the House. The Third Reading is the final vote and debate on the Bill. It is almost a formality, since a Bill which passed through all the stages is very unlikely to fail at this late stage. Another vote will be taken and if passed, then it goes through a similar process in another House. Finally, a Royal Assent by the King is needed in order for the Bill to formally become a law. Under the Constitutional Amendment Act of 1983, the King cannot refuse to sign the bill if it has been passed by both of the Houses in the parliament. Thereafter, the Act is gazetted and becomes an Act of Parliament.

Ad Reinhardt, American Abstract Expressionist Painter

Ad Reinhardt, American Abstract Expressionist Painter Ad Reinhardt (December 24, 1913 - August 30, 1967) was an American abstract expressionist artist who sought to create what he called, absolute abstraction. The result was a series of works known as the Black Paintings, which consisted of geometrical shapes in subtle shades of black and near-black. Fast Facts: Ad Reinhardt Full Name: Adolph Frederick Reinhardt Occupation: PainterBorn: December 24, 1913 in Buffalo, New YorkDied: August 30, 1967 in New York, New YorkSpouse: Rita ZiprkowskiChild: Anna ReinhardtSelected Works: Untitled (1936), Study for a Painting (1938), Black Paintings (1953-1967)Notable Quote: Only a bad artist thinks he has a good idea. A good artist does not need anything. Early Life and Education Ad Reinhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, but moved to New York City with his family at a young age. He was an outstanding student and showed an interest in visual art. During high school, Reinhardt illustrated his schools newspaper. Upon applying to college, he turned down multiple scholarship offers from art schools and enrolled in the art history program at Columbia University. At Columbia, Ad Reinhardt studied under the art historian Mayer Schapiro. He also became good friends with theologian Thomas Merton and poet Robert Lax. The three all embraced approaches to simplicity in their specific disciplines. Untitled (1936). The Pace Gallery Works Progress Administration Work Shortly after graduation from Columbia, Reinhardt became one of the few abstract artists hired in the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). There he met other prominent 20th-century American artists including Willem de Kooning and Arshile Gorky. His work of the period also demonstrated the impact of Stuart Davis experiments with geometric abstraction. While working for the WPA, Ad Reinhardt also became a member of the American Abstract Artists group. They were profoundly influential in the development of the avant-garde in the U.S. In 1950, Reinhardt joined the group of artists known as The Irascibles who protested that the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art in New York was not modern enough. Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Hans Hofmann, and Mark Rothko were part of the group. John Loengard / Getty Images Absolute Abstraction and the Black Paintings Ad Reinhardts work was non-representational from the beginning. However, his paintings show a distinctive progression from visual complexity to simple compositions of geometrical shapes in shades of the same color. By the 1950s, the work began approaching what Reinhardt called absolute abstraction. He believed that much of the abstract expressionism of the era was too full of emotional content and the impact of the artists ego. He aimed to create paintings with no emotion or narrative content at all. Although he was part of the movement, Reinhardts ideas often ran counter to those of his contemporaries. In the latter part of the 1950s, Ad Reinhardt began work on the Black Paintings that would define the rest of his career. He took inspiration from Russian art theorist Kazimir Malevich, who created the work Black Square in 1915, referred to as the, zero point of painting. Malevich described an art movement focused on simple geometric shapes and a limited color palette that he called suprematism. Reinhardt expanded on the ideas in his theoretical writings, saying that he was creating, the last paintings one can make. While many of Reinhardts black paintings look flat and monochrome upon first glance, they reveal multiple shades and intriguing complexity when viewed close up. Among the techniques used to create the works was the siphoning of oil from the pigments used that resulted in a delicate finish. Unfortunately, the method also made the paintings challenging to preserve and maintain without damaging the surface. Black Series #6. U.S. Department of State embassy collections Despite the purging of all references to the outside world in his paintings, Ad Reinhardt insisted that his art could impact society and bring about positive change. He saw art as an almost mystical force in the world. Legacy The paintings of Ad Reinhardt remain an essential conceptual link between abstract expressionism and the minimalist art of the 1960s and beyond. Although his fellow expressionists often criticized his work, many of the most prominent artists of the next generation saw Reinhardt as a vital leader pointing toward the future of painting. Ad Reinhardt in Museum of Modern Art exhibition of his paintings. Robert R. McElroy / Getty Images Ad Reinhardt began to teach art in 1947 at Brooklyn College. Teaching, including a stint at Yale University, was a significant part of his work for the next 20 years until his death from a massive heart attack in 1967. Source Reinhardt, Ad. Ad Reinhardt. Rizzoli International, 1991.

Computer Addiction essays

Computer Addiction essays There once was a time when the only computers known to the average person were those the military possessed. Eventually, large corporations found many different uses for computers in the business world, and today, computers are as common in numerous households around the globe. People from all age groups are learning to operate computers and anyone who has worked with computers for long periods of time knows that computers can be just as addicting as smoking. Computer addiction can have a number of physical, social, and psychological effects on a person and it is to be taken as seriously as any other addiction that a person is battling. One common physical effect computer addiction can have on a person are back problems. Sitting for so long can take a toll on a person's muscles and can result in poor posture. Poor posture can result in chronic back problems that require the services of a chiropractor. Dry eyes, carpal tunnel syndrome, and vision complications are some eye problems caused by over use of a computer. Migraine headaches are quite common in computer addiction and are linked to the straining of the eyes. Because of the long hours spent engrossed in a computer, addicts often have eating irregularities, such as skipping meals and binge eating. Computer addicts experience sleep disturbances, or changes in sleeping patterns, which are most likely due to late hours on the computer and low blood sugar from eating irregularities. One last effect is the failure to attend to personal hygiene, such as bathing, combing hair and brushing teeth. All of these physical effects can be linked to computer addiction. Social effects of computer addiction include reduced time spent socializing with others. People may begin to feel that their computer is the only relationship that they have the time to focus on. They lose the desire for human contact and communication and in a way ...

Indian highways account for a vast minority Essays

Indian highways account for a vast minority Essays Indian highways account for a vast minority Essay Indian highways account for a vast minority Essay Table of Contentss 1. Introduction 2. Background and Literature Review I ) From Domestic to Foreign Car Purchases: The Turning Shift two ) Automotive Companies in India: Foreign and Domestic three ) Anatomy of a Developing Economy four ) Consumer Behavior Characteristics: Value vs. Ostentation V ) Brand Image: Domestic vs. Foreign six ) A Assorted Market: Rootss and Consequences seven ) Cases in Point: Foreign Investment Plus Domestic Equity Equals Success 3. Datas Analysis I ) Gross saless Figures two ) Customer Satisfaction 4. Discussion I ) Consumer Purchasing Model 5. Decision 6. Literature Cited 1. Introduction The Indian domestic car market represents a turning industry both through direct gross revenues and component supply. Several factors are acknowledged in literature as engines behind growing within the car sector. These include an addition in metropolis industrial growing, rural agricultural sector growing and constitution of several foreign houses such as Toyota and Hyundai. The growing in car gross revenues can hence be seen as a microcosm of capitalist economy booming in a antecedently state-run economic system. Highlighted under such protections is a fresh pick among consumers between domestic and foreign produced merchandises. Commercial attempts are hence dually fronted towards streamlining production and accommodating theoretical accounts to typical Indian consumer life style and budget – moves aimed to minimise costs and maximise gross, severally. The rise in car gross revenues can besides be analyzed from the position of the effects precipitated. One of the most powerful effects stemming from rise in car gross revenues is that of nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations. India has now a population good entrenched above one billion occupants, triping widespread recognition that it poses a important environmental menace in footings of domestic gas emanations. With a national route substructure web far flung from run intoing car traffic demand, congestion has created a dead cesspit of auto-emitted gases. On the political forepart, developing states such as India and China are non under duty to curtail gas emanations under international pacts such as the Kyoto Protocol [ 1 ] . Such non-requirement among developing states has become a delicate issue frequently at the head of diplomatic argument sing clime alteration. This is mostly due to the impugn felt by developed states such as the US and UK. Such states contribute emanation degrees ord ers of magnitude greater than those of their developing state opposite numbers on a per capita footing. However, it is argued that a deficiency of countenances imposed upon developing states represents a possible grave mistake in judgement given the leaning for aggregative emanations within full dullard, industrialising economic systems. Marketing enterprises represent another consequence precipitated from the rise in car gross revenues. Such runs have taken the head under the control of several car houses viing for portion in a comparative junior market. The instance for portion is so faced from a different angle by foreign houses both due to regulative limitations and the demand to equilibrate pricing with consumer buying power. The coming of inexpensive, fuel efficient vehicles is expected to function as a pillar within the car market given consumer demand. Possibly most of import among challenges faced by domestic and foreign car houses alike is that of accommodating theoretical accounts to Indian consumer life style to confirm trust and dependability among clients. The new-age Indian markets present both chances and challenges. Consumer behaviour represents one of the most important tendencies to supervise among car house direction so as to fulfill market demand and increase market portion. This is non to sabotage inventiveness and invention in production and selling. To the contrary, much is to be said based on foreign establishment success narratives – intra or inter-industry – for making demand out of unrealized vacuities within the consumer market. For illustration, such a scheme has been invoked by Ikea with its move into Russia – a developing state with similar capitalistic roots to those of India. In the automotive sector, Suzuki pioneered a joint venture with so Maruti Ltd – a authorities owned steadfast – to fit theoretical accounts to consumer tendencies and demand holes. Consumer behaviour with regard to car purchases within Indian car market is analyzed in footings of three primary factors: I ) a p arallel displacement in in-between income net incomes and comparative high deserving personal point ownership, two ) fiscal and cultural enablers of car purchases and three ) influence of foreign car house selling runs. Through an analysis of such factors, a theoretical account for Indian consumer car buying tendencies between domestic and foreign trade names is developed and presented. This theoretical account is of possible usage to domestic and foreign car house direction as it is multi-factorial based – an advantage in an inherently liquid consumer market. In peculiar, the theoretical account considers past gross revenues and client satisfaction figures as campaigners for roots and grounds for alteration in consumer inclinations off from ethnocentric trade names. 2. Background and Literature Review A displacement among Indian consumers towards buying foreign made vehicles has occurred with the constitution of several houses such as Toyota, GM, Ford and Hyundai. The double merchandise of a immense consumer base by volume and deregulating among the car market has led to a market place dotted now both by domestic and foreign shapers. As a consequence, consumers now possess a greater component of pick across the car sector. Auto houses are forced to plan and market merchandises in touch with the worlds of Indian consumer life style and fiscal budgets. For the domestic shapers, the state of affairs is simple: fend off foreign rivals both by keeping bing clients with tried merchandises while introducing to run into new-age concerns such as those centered on emanation degrees. For foreign shapers, the chance is slightly more complicated. In add-on to designing and selling consumer-demanded merchandises, medium and long term schemes must integrate macroeconomic factors such as involvem ent rate and currency fluctuations. Such factors are of peculiar importance within a developing economic system because they are frequently misrepresented through early development phases. The ability to attune operations – in peculiar production and supply concatenation direction – to predominating conditions of Indian economic system is hence of cardinal importance. The displacement in Indian consumer buying wonts off from domestic to foreign made vehicles can be attributed to several implicit in grounds. Three prevailing factors are discussed below, each of which envelops several undertones: I ) competitory distinction, two ) image and three ) concern moralss. It is of import here to measure up the intent of including the latter factor of concern moralss. Ethical motives are discussed non as a motive among consumers towards any one merchandise or company, but as a decreasing hurdle to be overcome by marketing sections. It is asserted that concern moralss in countries such as advertisement are frequently ignored by foreign car shapers given favourable supply/demand fortunes. Besides, population volume of the in-between category can falsify any rejection of concern pattern because these consumers make up the largest proportion of foreign car shaper clients. In today’s car sector, companies must endeavor to stand out amidst rivals in any given market. Over the past decennary, increases in rivals within old oligopoly markets – for illustration, the US and, more recent, Indian car sectors – and decelerating of demand growing has led to general overcapacity. Taking these two markets as illustrations, permeation of foreign car shapers such as those Japanese ( i.e. Toyota, Honda ) and Korean ( i.e. Hyundai, Kia ) has forced domestic pillars to reassess concern programs and merchandises marketed to altering consumer demographics and tendencies in this. Tay ( 2006 ) notes that within developed and flush markets, demand has leveled while consumer demand is yet to the full realized in developing markets such as India and China. The consequence of this excess of participants of lessenings in demand growing rates is double pronged. Namely, car shapers have been beset by overcapacity and a attendant premium on deriving consumer concern and trueness. Competitive distinction within crowded market places hence stands a critical challenge in turning market portion ( Tay 2006 ) . Tay ( 2006 ) asserts in a reappraisal of automotive companies and sectors worldwide that competitory distinction is a critical component in company image and fiscal wellness. It is of import to measure up the significance of competitory distinction. Tay ( 2006 ) offers a proficient definition, allowing organisational procedures in the spotlight. In peculiar, it refers to how an car manufacturer innovates and delivers its merchandises and services – compared with the competition – in three parametric quantities: quality, cost/value and seasonableness measures. ( Tay 2006 ) . From an organisational position, competitory distinction is therefore a fluid procedure whereby merchandises and procedures are in-touch with and anticipant of consumer demand. The consequence is a company-consumer relationship that transcends cold supply and demand economic sciences into something of a common apprehension and satisfaction. In this sense, competitory distinction can hence be thought of in a Darwinian model: companies apt to survive’ tough times are those able to accommodate to environing rough environmental conditions. All markets – developed or developing – nowadays challenges that must be faced and overcome by car shapers in order to turn market portion. In observing three beginnings of competitory distinction – quality, value and seasonableness – Tay ( 2006 ) asserts that each beginning will change in importance depending on the market. For illustration, it is asserted that within developed economic systems ( i.e. Europe or North America ) , accent is frequently placed upon quality niceties given copy cat and attendant impregnation of one time vanguard characteristics ( i.e. power guidance, clime control, ABS brake systems etc. ) ( Tay 2006 ) . By contrast, developing markets ( i.e. India ) still virgin to the unmasking of auto theoretical accounts and associated characteristics and tag lines may further value pricing ( Tay 2006 ) . Auto line R A ; D, production and gross revenues and selling channels must therefore attune to properties of the specific economic syste m in which operations are based. India’s car sector presents a regular balance between Tay’s outlined standards by which car houses may be benchmarked by consumers within a given economic system. On the one manus, quality exists as a critical component in car gross revenues because of natural benefits reaped by given consumers. Quality besides represents the suite of benchmarks by which a consumer weighs future purchases. Same shop gross revenues on a year-over-year footing are a critical step of success both in retail and fabrication industries, both of which are incorporated by car houses. On the other, value must be factored by car shapers via production ironss because of the distinction of the in-between category as a mark demographic. Value can besides be seen as holding common good consequences to company and consumer likewise. This statement is leveraged on the rule of cost nest eggs. From a consumer point of view, increased cost nest eggs can take to higher disposable income militias and a high er leaning for farther discretional disbursement ( i.e. a 2nd auto ) . From a company position, cost nest eggs provide a safety cyberspace in the case of overcapacity. One basis rule distilled from the Indian car sector is that the consumer is in the driver’s place. Indeed, the present car market in India remains in developing phases but has however endured exposure to foreign car houses since the mid 1990s [ 2 ] . The coming of synergistic selling runs with increasing consumer entree to new age communicating interfaces such as the cyberspace has endowed an information overplus non antecedently available to such a widespread audience. Tay ( 2006 ) asserts that online characteristics such as dedicated web sites with rental rate reckoners and merchandise scope galleries have in consequence rendered a true unfastened market place. The state of affairs as per the Indian car market is accentuated because of the high comparative consumer buying power para ( Tay 2006, acquire other from initial pages ) . Remember buying power para is determined by trade good pricing, in bend dependent upon all conducive elements associated with a given trade good. Such elements include labour and production capital and are much cheaper sourced within India than abroad. The significance of buying power para is that car shapers can non reimburse surplus costs through monetary value hikings. Alternatively, cost nest eggs must be generated through streamlined supply and production ironss ( Tay 2006 ) . The above discussed cost nest eggs statement provides an disposed segue into a treatment of Tay’s 3rd benchmark value: seasonableness. Tay ( 2006 ) discusses the importance for car houses to pitch production and gross revenues ironss to existent consumer demand. In peculiar, it is noted that processes such as constituent ordination and vehicle line production quota scenes be fluid so as to run into consumer demand as it arises ( i.e. merchandise design to market period of ~12 months ) ( Tay 2006 ) . From a market version point of view, such flexibleness permits companies to translate market tendencies into merchandises thirstily sought by buyers. ( Tay 2006 ) . In consequence, the quicker the response, the better opportunity of eating the demand to consumer satisfaction. Tay ( 2006 ) notes several houses that have achieved such a unstable production procedure ( i.e. Toyota, BMW, and Hyundai ) . Firms that have in the past suffered overcapacity due to falling gross revenues of peculiar theoretical accounts must redesign production and gross revenues ironss through audience with several on-site directors. The critical consequence is to derive a alleged intelligent platform ( Tay 2006 ) that stocks stock list in touch with consumer demand during periods of a given tendency. The image factor must besides be considered as contributive of a widespread consumer displacement towards the purchase of foreign made cars. However, it is first of import to clear up the context in which image is used. Here, image takes on a nonliteral, non actual significance. Image within the head of a consumer is hence based non purely upon vehicle physical visual aspect, but instead the position it commands as portion of a occidentalizing economic system. Aside from the car industry, many sectors in India have experienced foreign constitution. For illustration, fiscal services, telecommunications and consumer electronics are all representative of industries now comprised of domestic and foreign participants. In a holistic sense, the basket of goods and services from which to pull by consumers has been transformed from a local to planetary market. Tay ( 2006 ) reinforces this claim by reasoning global-enabling communicating engineerings have allowed consumers to first acknowledge and finally know apart between merchandises offered by sellers of different states of beginning. The consequence is a market scrimmage that can, over a period of old ages, influence consumer consciousness in merchandise buying. In the yesteryear, the determination was de facto because of the deficiency of free trade and being other protectionist steps such as duties and import responsibilities. Through the 1990s and into the 21stcentury, the determination has been reversed because of steps easing India’s embracing of globalisation. Foreign car houses have applied selling engineerings used in other markets in an attempt to suede consciousness to their merchandise – image selling. In big portion, Indian houses have yet to catch up. Demographics are one lending factor towards image selling. In the context of India, see the immature age market ( ages ~20-35 ) . This market consists of many on the job persons who are viewed as less tied to old traditions and cultural pattern than their parental coevals opposite numbers. Given a general gravity – or, at really least, consideration – towards western consumer merchandises in stead of monetary value favoritism, the consequence is a market geared towards foreign made vehicles. Physical particulars are good documented among foreign made cars. Vehicles such as the Chevrolet Aveo and Toyota Camry athletics characteristics that convey both nicety and practicality to Indian consumers. For illustration, the future Aveo U-VA theoretical account commands a short relation turning radius, designed to ease tight bends on narrow Indian roads ( Chevrolet India 2006 ) . However, branding of such theoretical accounts has been designed to integrate Indian civilization so that foreign merchandises are viewed as balanced between nuts and bolts and local modishness. Foreign car houses in India besides use the image factor as a collateral consequence. Lodging with the mark demographic of consumers aged 20-35, foreign houses recognize the potency for downstream ego advertisement. For illustration, persons who have purchased and become satisfied with a GM or Toyota vehicle are likely to go through on positive word of oral cavity feedback to equals. Given significant communicating volume – a critical mass, per se – a trade name may go the donee of widespread image acknowledgment and credence. The opportunity for such image credence is increased for trade names of foreign houses as compared to domestic opposite numbers because of their freshness. For illustration, see intercrossed engineering. Hybrid vehicles are really much a new and recent phenomenon within the Indian car market. Matching to this new age engineering is a acknowledgment among Indian consumer base of environmental disturbance that is exacerbated through car ingestion. T he potency for image credence among intercrossed theoretical accounts is hence bolstered by three separate phenomena. First, intercrossed vehicles are marketed by new market participants ( i.e. acquire steadfast here ) . Second, intercrossed exterior design is alone and provides the component of contrast – a potentially moneymaking quality in the context of consumer buying inclination. And 3rd, environmental nest eggs conferred through intercrossed as comparative to gasoline vehicle usage are viewed as admirable and may transport extra advantages such as revenue enhancement credits. three ) Ethical motives The issue of ethical concern pattern represents a farther conducive factor to consumer purchase behaviour. The issue of moralss in concern is slightly of an intangible construct. Indeed, moralss are by and big the merchandise of recognized traditions over many coevalss within a given civilization. The effects of political and economic intervention such as jurisprudence devising on moralss can hence be distorted because those who instigate such actions are replaced at frequent intervals. Thus what is taken as ethical under the protections of a Communist vs. democratic government varies based on value airings of either government. However, moralss can act upon consumers based on cultural heritage and personal values. Religious beliefs and moral values can rule consciousness and life style of certain persons in specific states. As such a consciousness is woven over a long comparative length of clip, sensitiveness towards perceived unethical concern activity may happen given a deficiency of regard among concerns. The state of affairs in India is pronounced, as many persons pattern Hinduism or outgrowths of it as portion of a balance between spiritual look and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Ethical criterions are implicitly recognized by all consumers. In the Indian market place, several patterns can be assessed for their ethical upholding. Biswas ( 1998 ) discusses several such countries, all of which revolve around gross coevals and increasing net income ratios. For illustration, advertisement is highlighted as an oft misleading pattern ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) concedes that by sound concern pattern and practicality, advertisement is an indispensable conduit towards determining consumer purchase. However, the nature of advertisement among several companies is criticized for its top-heavy accent on ingestion in the face of restraint. The issue of monetary value show – or deficiency thereof – is assessed as non-beneficial to consumers because it limits pick based on disposable income budgets ( Biswas 1998 ) . Besides, the inquiry of whether to include semi-graphic content such as partly clothed adult females in advertizements is raised ( Biswas 19 98 ) . Ramifications to the automotive sector are obvious given the male enticement of certain theoretical accounts. In peculiar, Sport Utility Vehicle ( SUV ) lines offered by American houses such as GM and Ford may affect advertisement that transcends cultural restrictions. In a reappraisal of concern moralss within the Indian market place, Biswas ( 1998 ) identifies certain characteristics engrained in both economic sciences and morality. Mention is made to important cultural transcripts and figures such as theVedic literaturesand Ghandi, severally ( Biswas 1998 ) . Ancient transcripts such as theVedic literaturesdo mention to the intrinsic harmoniousness between economic pattern and moralss. In every sense, continuing moralss is dependent on sound economic pattern. This relationship is said to be because moralss are the exclusive merchandise of single content. Individual content must hence be achieved through support – prosperity – which itself is a merchandise of sound economic pattern. Biswas ( 1998 ) calls on Shakespearean idiom to bolster this point of good moralss as dependant on one’s state of affairs – Virtue is made by circumstance. ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) surmises the relationship in matter-of-fact manner : True economic sciences in India neer militate against the highest ethical criterion, merely as all true moralss to be deserving its name must at the same clip be besides good economic sciences as it reveals in theVedic literatures. ( Biswas 1998 ) . The deduction taken from this averment is that economic pattern and moralss saving are per se intertwined. One ground for a possible ethical ignorance among Indian consumers involves population size ( Biswas 1998 ) . Biswas ( 1998 ) makes mention to India’s big population insofar as the consequence of disintegration is concerned. The statement here is that while foreign transnational houses may disavow ethical pattern – for illustration, through selling or monetary value puting negative reaction among consumer base may be washed out by indifference among aquiline purchasers. In this sense, foreign ( or domestic ) car sellers may derive impunity to unethical pattern based on positive gross revenues. The critical point to be recognized is that although moralss may hold been imbued by past Indian commercial entities, the clime within that epoch was one of isolation. At present, India has opened its doors to foreign multinationals and therefore the influence of competition. In the context of this thesis sing India’s car sector, the grade to which moralss will impact consumer purchase behaviour is a affair of speculation. Onus is placed upon foreign houses both in footings of acknowledging and honouring Indian traditions in melding merchandises into Indian market place. However, it is asserted that moralss continue to linger in background raid amidst a market place dotted with houses in ferocious competition over procuring clients at all costs. The Indian car market consists of several participants. The present auto shapers runing within the local environment may be separated based on several position as domestic or foreign. Domestic houses include Hindustan motors, TATA, Mahindra, Maruti Udyog Ltd. and Premier Automobiles. Foreign houses include American-headquartered participants such as General Motors ( GM ) and Ford Motor Co. , every bit good as Asiatic opposite numbers such as Toyota Motor Corp. , Honda, Hyundai and Daewoo ( a Korean subordinate of GM ) . Foreign constitution within India’s domestic car industry is mostly a merchandise of authorities liberalisation associated with ownership Torahs ( Rathore and Swarup 2006-B ) . Rathore and Swarup ( 2006-B ) note that get downing in the early 1990s, partial ownership bets could be held by foreign houses in undertakings run by domestic houses. However, as the Indian economic system continued to turn through technological progresss and increasing instruction among young person ( i.e. under age 20 ) demographic, foreign involvement increased within car sector. The consequence has been a progressive liberalisation in policy devising towards allowing foreign competition within the car industry. Trade parametric quantities have underlined this policy displacement. For illustration, strike responsibilities – revenue enhancement paid by consumer on specific merchandises – levied on little vehicle [ 3 ] purchases within India are reported by Rathore and Swarup ( 2006-B ) to be reduced to 16 % from current rate of 24 % . It is helpful to supply comparing of scheme and investing between domestic and foreign car shapers in analysing altering consumer penchants. Constitution, initial production and selling operations and client service all constitute critical countries of development in footings of cementing and turning market portion. Such countries are approached and executed in different manner by domestic and foreign houses mostly based on past success within a given market – frequently that of a place state. Thus scheme invoked by American car shapers such as GM or Ford involves following traditional US theoretical accounts to Indian consumer life style within a turning economic system. Traveling off from a stylistic position, some differences ( i.e. production related ) may be the consequence of statute law prefering certain car theoretical accounts ( i.e. revenue enhancement inducements related to increased intercrossed vehicle production ) . Regardless of the drift – consumer life style, legal-based, environmental etc. – all houses must accomplish a balance between local imposts and civilization and marketed merchandises. Discussed below is a series of car house overviews designed to exemplify differences in marketing scheme ( discussed inSelling Scheme) . In peculiar, two houses are discussed harmonizing to headquarter part: General Motors ( US ) , Toyota ( Japan ) . In the instance of the GM and Toyota, old international enlargement is discussed as per constitution in India and consumer entreaty of several theoretical accounts. General Motors I ) Overview GM stands at present as the planetary leader in automotives by production volume ( Rathore and Swarup 2006-B, see Hoovers link to General Motors ) . The GM narrative is mostly one of a tail of two epochs. Through US industrialisation during the 1960s, 70s, 80s and 90s domestic US car giants – GM and Ford – controlled a bulk of market portion. However, the oncoming of several factors such as high fuel monetary values, skyrocketing wellness and pension costs and automobile-based environmental disturbance have parlayed foreign constitution within the US market into an scoured portion for GM and Ford. The consequence is a sector now parsed between foreign and US cars, with market portion go oning to widen in favour of the foreign participants. Such domestic market portion eroding coupled with the purpose to capitalise a mostly developing consumer market within Asia ( i.e. first clip auto purchasers ) has led GM to put such international markets. Recent one-year fiscal consequences underscore GMs loss in US domestic market portion and attendant move into international markets. Financial informations can be distilled down to a gaping failing that has become manifest with superior competition within the US domestic market: bequest costs under-compensated by gross. For the financial twelvemonth 2005, net gross revenues and gross totaled approximately US $ 192.6 billion ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . Such gross stood on the dorsum of a planetary production end product of over 9 billion vehicle units, an addition of ~10 % relation to 2003 planetary production of 8.2 billion units ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . However, net net incomes amounted to an overall one-year loss of about US $ 10.6 billion. This net incomes figure translates into a loss of approximately $ 18.50 per portion ( GM Annual Report 2005, Financial Highlights ) . The loss is magnified in badness when compared to the 2004 fisca l twelvemonth consequences, in which net incomes per portion were US $ 4.94 – a net income border of 1.4 % . Put from a stockholders position, net incomes were depleted by over four times over the class of one twelvemonth from the black to red. The hapless GM cost construction and depletion in operating hard currency flow can be attributed to a high comparative budget for employee pension and health-related costs. The consequence is equivalent to retaining a lead ball while trying to travel frontward. From a statistical analysis, GM incurred US $ 5.3 billion in wellness attention duties over financial 2005, or approximately US $ 600 per vehicle sold. In his Letter to Stockholders – published as portion of the 2005 GM Annual Report – CEO Rick Wagoner placed an accent on cut downing such costs through assorted streamlining steps ( GM Annual Report 2005, Letter to Stockholders ) . These include US works closings and associated employee layoffs, renegotiated active and retiree benefit programs and direct and indirect investing in foreign markets. two ) International Presence This figure of planetary production laterality is mostly the merchandise of its many trade names based both in the US and abroad. These trade names include Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, GMC, Saturn, Hummer and Cadillac in the US. GM controlled international subordinates include Saab ( Sweden ) , Opel ( Germany ) and Daewoo ( Korean ) . In footings of branding in foreign markets, GM has fabrication operations in 32 states, while GM vehicles are imported by 190 states. For illustration, within Asia and the Middle East GM operates in China, India, Thailand, Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) ( GM Worldwide 2006 ) . Within Africa, GM operates in Egypt and South Africa. To exemplify the usage of subordinates, GM operates under the protections of Chevrolet, Opel and Saab in South Africa. From 2004, GM South Africa has besides acted as a distributer for Saab vehicles in South Africa ( note that the two companies facilitate joint client service operations ) . Non-US gross revenues have over the past decennary increased to represent approximately half of GMs entire planetary gross revenues. The 2005 GM Annual Report quantifies such gross revenues figures. For illustration, of the 9 million planetary gross revenues units GM tallied over financial 2005, merely over half were from outside of the US ( GM Letter to Stockholders 2005 ) . It is besides noted that greater than 1 million gross revenues were recorded throughout the Asia/Pacific part ( GM Letter to Stockholders 2005 ) . Gross saless volume was reported up 20 % year-over-year within South America, Africa and the Middle East ( GM Annual Report 2005, Letter to Stockholders ) . GM executives attribute such gross revenues growing to strength of internationally recognized and truste

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The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Investing In Real Estate - Essay Example Is there such a thing like that? I believe there is. However, tantamount to the success of an individual in the field of investment are his or her invested efforts and generated knowledge. Today, there are many investments to choose from. The choice of one good investment is subjective or in a way, selective based on someone’s evaluative criteria. It is promising to invest in real estate, but it is still cannot be realized until someone learns to exert his or her efforts and critical analysis on related things, which are needed in order to successfully perpetuate in this kind of business. It takes extra effort to finally achieve the fruit of all endeavors. However, all exerted efforts are still subject to someone’s core skills. Just like any other investments, skills are needed to be successful in real estate investment. It can be actually viewed this way. The value of land does not depreciate. The law of supply and demand can actually be applied into this. Considering that the world population is increasing year by year, people are looking for resources to survive. The demand for land will increase. Land on the other hand will become a scarce resource. The higher the demands for land resource while its quantity decreases, the higher the price will become. This is one of the reasons why investing in real estate seems a good idea that somebody can carry on. In addition, as population increases, many people will be looking for homes. For those who cannot afford to buy a piece of land, the most convenient way is to look for housing for rent or affordable apartments for lease. This definitely makes investment in real estate an area of choice since a strong demand for shelter is integral to the existence of humanity. Many people are trying to invest in real estate for as mentioned, it promises good opportunity. Like any other investment, real estate is

Feasibility Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Business Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Report - Research Paper Example Harvey Norman barely survived with impending lawsuits and losses experienced from giving out very high discounts to attract customers. The Reject Shop on the other hand posted a good increase in profits and sales in that year. The company opened 18 new stores in that year and was able to repay much of its debts (Roth, 2013). The Reject Shop can sustain a downturn in the economy because its average unit price is A$9.00 (in 2011). As of today, the unit price is A$10.04. Even if the domestic market failed, The Reject Shop would probably survive (Greenblat, 2011). In an attempt to avoid losses and survive in the industry, the Harvey Norman Holdings Limited misled their customers by false advertisements. The federal court hit the company with a $1.25 million fine. The judge ruled in favor of the Australian Competition and Consumer commission saying that the company deliberately and blatantly disregarded the truth while conducting a calculated and misleading campaign (Appliance Retailer, 2012, p.4). The Reject Shop has not been involved in such bad publicity. When the industry domestic market was low in 2012, The Reject Shop suffered some loss like all the other retail companies but did not do illegal stuff to make more money. Metrics is the first thing looked at with any investment. The Reject Shop has a return on equity of more than 40 per cent for every year in its corporate life (Greenblat, 2011). Its debt is little or none existent and it is maintaining its return on equity despite its equity growing. This means that The Reject Shop is a good investment. The return on equity combined with little or no debt signals that the company has a strong competitive advantage. Moreover, a poll showed that 90 per cent of consumers knew about The Reject Shop. This means that the market’s place strong position and the brand awareness support the return in equity. In the recent years, its equity has risen threefold while its profits have

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Nventory Management - Essay Example il industry has its core competency in the efficient supply chain system; it has developed a highly integrated and IT enabled logistics structure so that the demand and supply of its offerings is efficiently managed. Once the level of any product reaches a pre-determined level, the IT system automatically places an order at the supplier location. The supplier ensures that the goods are delivered within the agreed time period so that the problem of shortage is completely eliminated. Similarly, UPS, the leading postal carrier service provider ensures that it implements the direct-to-store approach effectively. In this approach, the step of distribution center is completely eliminated and the inventory is moved directly from the manufacturer to the consumer; there is no need of warehousing the stock and the holding and warehousing costs are completely eradicated from the supply chain (Muller, 2011). With the help of IT-enabled supply chain frameworks, the supplier-manufacturer relations have strengthened and the orders are fulfilled on time with shorter lead times and excellent level of the operational efficiency is attained. In order to ensure that the appropriate inventory management system is in place, the companies have made it mandatory that the best inventory management technique is implemented. For instance, Continental Airlines has ensured that it has the most efficient Materials Resource Planning (MRP) system within its business operations so that the in-flight services related to food and beverages are efficiently performed. As a result, its cost has reduced by US$40 million on yearly basis. With the help of this system, the inventory is adequately managed and it has been able to enhance its levels of proficiency and customer expectation by a significant amount (Wild, 2012). The Internet-enabled links between the partners of supply chain (inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics and distribution) have enhanced the collaboration and coordination

How Social Media affects the way we live Assignment

How Social Media affects the way we live - Assignment Example Rhetoric is the way in which we use languages and images to persuade. The media through several endeavors asks the people in many ways to buy something, influence in their own way through several product differentiating strategies and mould the consumers behaviors. Rhetorical analysis of the social media helps the user of the social media to become perfectly informed. At the same time evaluation of the ethical messages can be analyzed in order to test the effect on the common public and the way they affect the society (Bolin Carroll, 2010, p.46). Social media and its features The social media in the present world can be thought to be of a group of online media with the array of primal activities including participation, openness, conversation, and community (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Participation: The social media social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Openness: The nature of social media basically serves as an open plat form where the feedback and the participation are widely invited. It also helps in the encouragement in the voting, comments and the sharing of information. The barriers of access to the contents present in the social media platform are minimal (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Conversation: The traditional media is basically concerned with the broadcasting methodology which ensures the content transmission or distribution. But the social media acts as a two-way conversation (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Community: The social media allows the communities to form quickly and communicate effectively where exchange of information along with the sharing of common interests among the people in topics like photography, any political issues, or it may be any TV shows (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Connectedness: One of the fundamental agendas of the social media is the emphasis on the connectedness among the people. They try to maintain this connectedness among the public by connecting to the different websites and pertaining links between various people and valuable resources of the society (Mayfield, 2008, p.6). Current forms of the social media There are some well known widely prevalent forms of social media. They are mainly social networking, blogs, wikis, online encyclopedia, podcasts, Forums, content communities, and micro blogging. The social networking allows people to build personal web pages and subsequently maintain connection and sharing content and communication among the people. Some of the popular social networking sites are Face book, My Space, Twitter. The blogs are usually online journals where any news is almost posted at the first instance. The Wikis are those websites which acts as a communal document or database which permits the people to add the contents or edit the information on them. A widely known wikis is the Wikipedia4 which is an online encyclopedia consisting of over 2 million English language articles. The podcasts are audio and video files which can be access ed by people through subscription mechanisms. A widely existing podcast is the Apple iTunes. This creates an indigenous platform for the fusion of several cultures of the globe. The

Business Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Report - Research Paper Example Harvey Norman barely survived with impending lawsuits and losses experienced from giving out very high discounts to attract customers. The Reject Shop on the other hand posted a good increase in profits and sales in that year. The company opened 18 new stores in that year and was able to repay much of its debts (Roth, 2013). The Reject Shop can sustain a downturn in the economy because its average unit price is A$9.00 (in 2011). As of today, the unit price is A$10.04. Even if the domestic market failed, The Reject Shop would probably survive (Greenblat, 2011). In an attempt to avoid losses and survive in the industry, the Harvey Norman Holdings Limited misled their customers by false advertisements. The federal court hit the company with a $1.25 million fine. The judge ruled in favor of the Australian Competition and Consumer commission saying that the company deliberately and blatantly disregarded the truth while conducting a calculated and misleading campaign (Appliance Retailer, 2012, p.4). The Reject Shop has not been involved in such bad publicity. When the industry domestic market was low in 2012, The Reject Shop suffered some loss like all the other retail companies but did not do illegal stuff to make more money. Metrics is the first thing looked at with any investment. The Reject Shop has a return on equity of more than 40 per cent for every year in its corporate life (Greenblat, 2011). Its debt is little or none existent and it is maintaining its return on equity despite its equity growing. This means that The Reject Shop is a good investment. The return on equity combined with little or no debt signals that the company has a strong competitive advantage. Moreover, a poll showed that 90 per cent of consumers knew about The Reject Shop. This means that the market’s place strong position and the brand awareness support the return in equity. In the recent years, its equity has risen threefold while its profits have

How Social Media affects the way we live Assignment

How Social Media affects the way we live - Assignment Example Rhetoric is the way in which we use languages and images to persuade. The media through several endeavors asks the people in many ways to buy something, influence in their own way through several product differentiating strategies and mould the consumers behaviors. Rhetorical analysis of the social media helps the user of the social media to become perfectly informed. At the same time evaluation of the ethical messages can be analyzed in order to test the effect on the common public and the way they affect the society (Bolin Carroll, 2010, p.46). Social media and its features The social media in the present world can be thought to be of a group of online media with the array of primal activities including participation, openness, conversation, and community (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Participation: The social media social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Openness: The nature of social media basically serves as an open plat form where the feedback and the participation are widely invited. It also helps in the encouragement in the voting, comments and the sharing of information. The barriers of access to the contents present in the social media platform are minimal (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Conversation: The traditional media is basically concerned with the broadcasting methodology which ensures the content transmission or distribution. But the social media acts as a two-way conversation (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Community: The social media allows the communities to form quickly and communicate effectively where exchange of information along with the sharing of common interests among the people in topics like photography, any political issues, or it may be any TV shows (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Connectedness: One of the fundamental agendas of the social media is the emphasis on the connectedness among the people. They try to maintain this connectedness among the public by connecting to the different websites and pertaining links between various people and valuable resources of the society (Mayfield, 2008, p.6). Current forms of the social media There are some well known widely prevalent forms of social media. They are mainly social networking, blogs, wikis, online encyclopedia, podcasts, Forums, content communities, and micro blogging. The social networking allows people to build personal web pages and subsequently maintain connection and sharing content and communication among the people. Some of the popular social networking sites are Face book, My Space, Twitter. The blogs are usually online journals where any news is almost posted at the first instance. The Wikis are those websites which acts as a communal document or database which permits the people to add the contents or edit the information on them. A widely known wikis is the Wikipedia4 which is an online encyclopedia consisting of over 2 million English language articles. The podcasts are audio and video files which can be access ed by people through subscription mechanisms. A widely existing podcast is the Apple iTunes. This creates an indigenous platform for the fusion of several cultures of the globe. The

Corruption in India Essay Example for Free

Corruption in India Essay We all know that Corruption has always been a longstanding social evil un the day to day life of every Indian citizen. The Indian government has always made anti-corruption measures available for the benefit of the citizen, but corruption has always defeated those measures and flourished. We are sure that each one of you or your family has directly or indirectly been a victim of corruption. Even after 62 years of indias independence , the plight of commonman has worsened. Corrupt public servants , corrupt judges , corrupt police , etc are proving to be parasites leading 5-star lifestyles at taxpayers expense. They in their greed for money , bribe are aiding abetting terrorists , separatists , naxalites, underworld mafia , etc covertly overtly , backstabbing our motherland. These corrupt public servants are more cruel than Jalianwallah Bagh butcher General Dyer of british army. If Mahatma Gandhi was alive today , he would have been disgusted with the present way of democratic government , functioning of public servants would have died heart broken. If our freedom martyrs like sri. Bhagath Singh or Sri. Madan Lal Dingra or Sri. Subhash Chandra Bose would have been alive , they would have given a befitting reply to this corrupt police , corrupt udges , public servants. Whenever , a commonman raises his voice for justice , he is silenced in various ways by the criminal nexus. The said criminal nexus has previously tried to silence me in many ways including attempts to murder , closure of newspaper etc. A single person cannot change the world it is a saying we take for granted. but why not try to change we can be true in our dealings and the duties which we deliver i believe corruption can be minimized upto some extent if the people who criticize and complain about its ill effects, try to be honest to themselves many rops make the ocean. likewise each individual make the society. so let each of us join hands and pledge that we ll not be corrupt and gradually you will be able to see how it works No. Same over all the world as far as humanity was there and is going to be there. Aham ie. self is the spice of life. When in situations of demand exceeds supply self become aggressive and turn to selfishness that is always natural phenomenon and need not be harm full until selfish attitudes become greed. Jumping various forms of queue we face in life everywhere at the discomfort of the other fellow humans is orm of corruption. How many of us think it that way. Inequality that is either by way of the environment one is born into or created by society push people to adopt corrupt practices to get even in the environment. In an environment where demand increases supply to a very high magnitude, certain amount of corruption acts like grease to cogs in the wheels. How many of has have not used that path to have a smoother existence at the expense of that of others. It takes us back to reminiscence the old saying One not sinned only should throw stone at the sinners  However, Situation in India is a bit different from what I have been trying to say above. In a country the professionals become professional by spending huge money would definitely want to make it back and never find the means adopted that wrong, not withstanding the truth that they became professionals only because there is scope of getting even. Same goes with the political leaders. Most get elected have to spend huge money whether, black or white, is immaterial and the main object of becoming a politician turns from the ideology of doing public service to humanity to money making anyhow, like every other professionals of this age. It is alright up to a point as otherwise who be interested in this thankless dirty job. But then our political masters irrespective of which flags they flaunt, have reversed the essence of Democracy. Instead people owning the government and elected representatives as middlemen between people and the government, comprising well defined hierarchical setup of trained and experienced Executive and Bureaucracy, only through that governance can only be done properly, Political class have made the governance machinery subservient to them putting the cart before the horse. If we analyze closely this is the main reason for most of the ills we see around in various forms killing the this wonderful nation that is made of beautiful beads of hundreds different color and texture. Over and above the inborn nature of humanitys anxiety to find some scapegoat for all their ills, be it real or mostly imaginary, in the shape of God, fate, astrology, and their Country and those who govern it. It will go on until the environment change and Supply nearing or become equal to demand and the stake holders become an even generation, unlike we are growing in enormous proportion, beating supply.